PetOwner (1:Yes; 0:No) : Do you currently have or share responsibility for a pet/companion animal?
Data Size:
table(alldata$Wave)
1 2 3 4
718 565 472 428
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | -0.637 | 0.532 | 0.232 |
| Wave2 | 0.033 | 0.177 | 0.853 |
| Wave3 | 0.379 | 0.194 | 0.051 |
| Wave4 | 0.282 | 0.252 | 0.263 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.237 | 0.369 | 0.52 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.381 | 0.414 | 0.357 |
only show one plot here for example
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kessler1: how often did you feel tired for no good reason? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.059 | 0.369 | 0.874 |
| Wave2 | -0.724 | 0.129 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.821 | 0.142 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.705 | 0.183 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.215 | 0.264 | 0.416 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.151 | 0.297 | 0.611 |
| Kessler2: how often did you feel nervous? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.001 | 0.340 | 0.998 |
| Wave2 | -0.761 | 0.132 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.540 | 0.147 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.425 | 0.183 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.410 | 0.244 | 0.093 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.208 | 0.296 | 0.482 |
| Kessler3: how often did you feel so nervous that nothing could calm you down? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.647 | 0.475 | 0.173 |
| Wave2 | -0.252 | 0.159 | 0.113 |
| Wave3 | -0.892 | 0.183 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.089 | 0.238 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.613 | 0.350 | 0.08 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.534 | 0.399 | 0.18 |
| Kessler4: how often did you feel hopeless? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.469 | 0.414 | 0.257 |
| Wave2 | -0.560 | 0.143 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.953 | 0.161 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.001 | 0.208 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.547 | 0.299 | 0.067 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.125 | 0.342 | 0.714 |
| Kessler5: how often did you feel restless or fidgety? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.076 | 0.347 | 0.827 |
| Wave2 | -0.519 | 0.127 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.998 | 0.142 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.354 | 0.186 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.352 | 0.262 | 0.179 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.251 | 0.296 | 0.396 |
| Kessler6: how often did you feel so restless that you could not sit still? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.516 | 0.430 | 0.23 |
| Wave2 | -0.611 | 0.154 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.847 | 0.172 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.213 | 0.227 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.678 | 0.326 | 0.037 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.469 | 0.366 | 0.2 |
| Kessler7: how often did you feel depressed? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.093 | 0.452 | 0.838 |
| Wave2 | -0.646 | 0.143 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.876 | 0.160 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.200 | 0.212 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.375 | 0.299 | 0.209 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.055 | 0.335 | 0.869 |
| Kessler8: how often did you feel so depressed that nothing could cheer you up? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.518 | 0.481 | 0.282 |
| Wave2 | -0.520 | 0.162 | 0.001 |
| Wave3 | -0.940 | 0.187 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.195 | 0.244 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.786 | 0.345 | 0.023 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.210 | 0.393 | 0.593 |
| Kessler9: how often did you feel that everything was an effort? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.232 | 0.434 | 0.593 |
| Wave2 | -0.315 | 0.138 | 0.022 |
| Wave3 | -0.647 | 0.154 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.565 | 0.200 | 0.005 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.183 | 0.292 | 0.531 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.326 | 0.328 | 0.321 |
| Kessler10: how often did you feel worthless? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.920 | 0.483 | 0.057 |
| Wave2 | -0.321 | 0.164 | 0.05 |
| Wave3 | -0.714 | 0.185 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.883 | 0.235 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -1.224 | 0.337 | 0 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.808 | 0.390 | 0.038 |
Now let’s look at the sum of Kessler 1-10
Categorize the sum of Kessler 1-10
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | -0.873 | 0.610 | 0.152 |
| Wave2 | -0.924 | 0.176 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.359 | 0.198 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.657 | 0.262 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -1.417 | 0.371 | 0 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.755 | 0.423 | 0.074 |
If we didn’t group this variable and treat it as a continuous variable, here is the result of linear mixed effect model.
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | -0.404 | 0.686 | 0.556 |
| Wave2 | -0.995 | 0.167 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.717 | 0.183 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.865 | 0.239 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.866 | 0.355 | 0.015 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.304 | 0.397 | 0.444 |
only show one plot here for example
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gad1: how often have you been bothered by feeling nervous, anxious or on edge? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.189 | 0.397 | 0.633 |
| Wave2 | -0.502 | 0.132 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.066 | 0.149 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.048 | 0.192 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.228 | 0.278 | 0.411 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.220 | 0.312 | 0.48 |
| Gad2: how often have you been bothered by not being able to stop or control worrying? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.204 | 0.449 | 0.649 |
| Wave2 | -0.600 | 0.145 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.770 | 0.162 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.896 | 0.207 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.353 | 0.316 | 0.263 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.217 | 0.357 | 0.544 |
| Gad3: how often have you been bothered by worrying too much about different things? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.543 | 0.396 | 0.171 |
| Wave2 | -0.520 | 0.132 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.940 | 0.147 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.904 | 0.190 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.151 | 0.285 | 0.597 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.378 | 0.318 | 0.234 |
| Gad4: how often have you had trouble relaxing? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.009 | 0.388 | 0.982 |
| Wave2 | -0.550 | 0.133 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.780 | 0.145 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.025 | 0.191 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.226 | 0.275 | 0.411 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.180 | 0.308 | 0.558 |
| Gad5: how often have you been so restless that it’s hard to sit still? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.170 | 0.449 | 0.705 |
| Wave2 | -0.268 | 0.151 | 0.077 |
| Wave3 | -0.727 | 0.171 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.930 | 0.226 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.582 | 0.330 | 0.077 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.436 | 0.366 | 0.234 |
| Gad6: how often have you become easily annoyed or irritable? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.135 | 0.393 | 0.73 |
| Wave2 | -0.078 | 0.131 | 0.551 |
| Wave3 | -0.506 | 0.144 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.631 | 0.188 | 0.001 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.374 | 0.275 | 0.174 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.364 | 0.309 | 0.239 |
| Gad7: how often have you been bothered by feeling afraid as if something awful might happen? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.076 | 0.411 | 0.853 |
| Wave2 | -0.573 | 0.138 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.167 | 0.156 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.102 | 0.202 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.128 | 0.310 | 0.68 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.019 | 0.346 | 0.957 |
Now let’s look at the sum of Gad 1-7
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | 0.037 | 0.534 | 0.945 |
| Wave2 | -0.643 | 0.140 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.260 | 0.154 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.325 | 0.201 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.286 | 0.297 | 0.336 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.119 | 0.332 | 0.721 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lonely1: how often did you feel you lack companionship? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -1.504 | 0.454 | 0.001 |
| Wave2 | -0.342 | 0.141 | 0.015 |
| Wave3 | -0.124 | 0.155 | 0.423 |
| Wave4 | -0.374 | 0.203 | 0.065 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.302 | 0.288 | 0.294 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.708 | 0.337 | 0.036 |
| Lonely2: how often did you feel left out? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.995 | 0.304 | 0.001 |
| Wave2 | -0.152 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.161 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.425 | 0.001 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.213 | 0.001 | 0 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.153 | 0.224 | 0.495 |
| Lonely3: how often did you feel isolated from others? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.601 | 0.357 | 0.092 |
| Wave2 | -0.572 | 0.124 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.749 | 0.136 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.114 | 0.178 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.058 | 0.253 | 0.818 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.480 | 0.291 | 0.1 |
Now let’s look at the sum of Lonely 1-3
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | -0.663 | 0.269 | 0.014 |
| Wave2 | -0.269 | 0.077 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.269 | 0.084 | 0.001 |
| Wave4 | -0.488 | 0.109 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.152 | 0.161 | 0.345 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.287 | 0.180 | 0.112 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk1:In your opinion, how likely is it that you will contract COVID-19? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.171 | 0.371 | 0.645 |
| Wave2 | -0.049 | 0.117 | 0.679 |
| Wave3 | -0.463 | 0.129 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.539 | 0.169 | 0.001 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.287 | 0.248 | 0.247 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.260 | 0.277 | 0.349 |
| Risk2:How serious do you think COVID-19 would be if you contracted it? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.834 | 0.389 | 0.032 |
| Wave2 | -0.496 | 0.128 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.596 | 0.139 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.046 | 0.182 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.245 | 0.265 | 0.355 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.644 | 0.298 | 0.03 |
| Risk3:How concerned are you about the COVID-19? | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.089 | 0.430 | 0.836 |
| Wave2 | -0.899 | 0.136 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -1.481 | 0.152 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -1.879 | 0.197 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.200 | 0.275 | 0.468 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | 0.115 | 0.309 | 0.711 |
Now let’s look at the sum of Risk 1-3
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | 0.243 | 0.257 | 0.344 |
| Wave2 | -0.333 | 0.072 | 0 |
| Wave3 | -0.653 | 0.079 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.870 | 0.103 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.093 | 0.152 | 0.538 |
| PetOwnerYes:if_shelteryes | -0.029 | 0.170 | 0.864 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | -0.049 | 0.223 | 0.827 |
| Wave4 | -0.115 | 0.147 | 0.432 |
Summary table for ‘TrustInfo’ and ‘InfoSource’
| Not at all or Slightly trustworthy | Moderately trustworthy | Very or Extremely trustworthy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Media/new feeds | 123 (22.2%) | 260 (46.93%) | 171 (30.87%) |
| Social media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 83 (46.37%) | 72 (40.22%) | 24 (13.41%) |
| Government and regulatory agencies | 4 (7.55%) | 20 (37.74%) | 29 (54.72%) |
| Friends / family | 16 (40%) | 17 (42.5%) | 7 (17.5%) |
Therefore, they are the same questions but different animals listed.
Pre:
table(sub_dat$InfoSource)
No Information Source
52
Media/new feeds
554
Social media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter
179
Government and regulatory agencies
53
Friends / family
40
We build two models with different independent variables. One is PetOwner, another is InfoSource.
show 3 plots here for example
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tigers | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 1.248 | 0.418 | 0.003 |
| Chimpanzees | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.220 | 0.328 | 0.502 |
| Gorillas | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.214 | 0.286 | 0.453 |
| Deer | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -1.364 | 0.411 | 0.001 |
| Lions | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.817 | 0.455 | 0.073 |
| Birds | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.568 | 0.328 | 0.084 |
| Bats | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.380 | 0.340 | 0.263 |
| Dogs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.185 | 0.349 | 0.596 |
| Cats | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.499 | 0.369 | 0.177 |
| Ferrets | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.506 | 0.351 | 0.149 |
| Rabbits | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.678 | 0.387 | 0.079 |
| Hamsters | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.766 | 0.341 | 0.025 |
| Horses | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.851 | 0.386 | 0.027 |
| Pigs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.735 | 0.320 | 0.022 |
| Cattle | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.700 | 0.389 | 0.072 |
| Chickens | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -1.323 | 0.496 | 0.008 |
show 2 plots here for example
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tigers | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 1.695 | 0.668 | 0.011 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.323 | 0.740 | 0.663 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.531 | 0.907 | 0.558 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.832 | 0.946 | 0.379 |
| Chimpanzees | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.827 | 0.582 | 0.155 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 1.388 | 0.644 | 0.031 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.433 | 0.781 | 0.579 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 1.233 | 0.824 | 0.135 |
| Gorillas | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.882 | 0.543 | 0.104 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 1.139 | 0.592 | 0.054 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.325 | 0.724 | 0.654 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 1.489 | 0.765 | 0.052 |
| Deer | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.645 | 0.676 | 0.339 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.176 | 0.742 | 0.813 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.317 | 0.919 | 0.73 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.870 | 0.942 | 0.356 |
| Lions | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 1.568 | 0.730 | 0.032 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.393 | 0.818 | 0.631 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.155 | 1.004 | 0.877 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 1.147 | 1.042 | 0.271 |
| Birds | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.350 | 0.581 | 0.547 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.433 | 0.627 | 0.489 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.161 | 0.793 | 0.839 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.130 | 0.826 | 0.875 |
| Bats | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 1.443 | 0.570 | 0.011 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 1.553 | 0.633 | 0.014 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 1.468 | 0.782 | 0.06 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.351 | 0.813 | 0.666 |
| Dogs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.674 | 0.588 | 0.252 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 1.009 | 0.652 | 0.122 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.740 | 0.802 | 0.356 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.046 | 0.869 | 0.958 |
| Cats | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.983 | 0.593 | 0.097 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.724 | 0.655 | 0.268 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.223 | 0.832 | 0.789 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | -0.276 | 0.876 | 0.752 |
| Ferrets | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.299 | 0.645 | 0.643 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.585 | 0.705 | 0.406 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.114 | 0.872 | 0.896 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.342 | 0.917 | 0.709 |
| Rabbits | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.500 | 0.663 | 0.45 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.021 | 0.728 | 0.977 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.642 | 0.915 | 0.483 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.519 | 0.937 | 0.58 |
| Hamsters | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.065 | 0.612 | 0.916 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.301 | 0.668 | 0.652 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.690 | 0.866 | 0.426 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | -0.057 | 0.883 | 0.948 |
| Horses | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.039 | 0.670 | 0.953 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.023 | 0.735 | 0.975 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.218 | 0.910 | 0.811 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.202 | 0.944 | 0.83 |
| Pigs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.253 | 0.583 | 0.664 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.830 | 0.633 | 0.19 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.051 | 0.792 | 0.949 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.409 | 0.818 | 0.617 |
| Cattle | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.244 | 0.667 | 0.715 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.100 | 0.735 | 0.892 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.355 | 0.923 | 0.701 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.842 | 0.939 | 0.37 |
| Chickens | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.610 | 0.764 | 0.425 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.388 | 0.841 | 0.645 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.086 | 1.060 | 0.935 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.092 | 1.080 | 0.932 |
We created a new variable called SusceptAnimalCorrect (0: wrong; 1: right), which means whether those people answered these questions right or wrong. Then. we pull the data of different animals together to build the following model:
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | 0.279 | 0.064 | 0 |
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.234 | 0.108 | 0.03 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.033 | 0.119 | 0.784 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.157 | 0.149 | 0.292 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | -0.138 | 0.157 | 0.378 |
| AnimalsTigers | 0.116 | 0.099 | 0.241 |
| AnimalsChimpanzees | 0.023 | 0.099 | 0.82 |
| AnimalsGorillas | 0.175 | 0.099 | 0.078 |
| AnimalsDeer | 1.560 | 0.114 | 0 |
| AnimalsLions | -0.171 | 0.099 | 0.085 |
| AnimalsBirds | 1.546 | 0.114 | 0 |
| AnimalsBats | 0.700 | 0.102 | 0 |
| AnimalsCats | 0.301 | 0.100 | 0.003 |
| AnimalsFerrets | -1.463 | 0.111 | 0 |
| AnimalsRabbits | 1.277 | 0.109 | 0 |
| AnimalsHamsters | 1.458 | 0.112 | 0 |
| AnimalsHorses | 1.326 | 0.110 | 0 |
| AnimalsPigs | 1.038 | 0.105 | 0 |
| AnimalsCattle | 1.231 | 0.108 | 0 |
| AnimalsChickens | 1.531 | 0.113 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.021 | 0.041 | 0.599 |
Based on your current knowledge, rate the extent to which the following animals have the ability to give COVID-19 to humans.
Re-categorize the outcome (InfectHumans 1-5) - cannot give COVID-19 to humans: Definitely/Probably/might cannot give COVID-19 to humans - can give COVID-19 to humans: Probably/Definitely can give COVID-19 to humans
We build two models with different independent variables. The outcome is InfectHumans (reference level is ‘cannot give CIP-19 to humans’).
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cats | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.230 | 0.397 | 0.562 |
| Dogs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.039 | 0.367 | 0.916 |
| Pigs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -1.057 | 0.472 | 0.025 |
| Chickens | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.846 | 0.352 | 0.016 |
| Tigers | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.171 | 0.430 | 0.692 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cats | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.085 | 0.678 | 0.9 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.502 | 0.765 | 0.512 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.229 | 0.932 | 0.805 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | -0.321 | 0.990 | 0.746 |
| Dogs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.204 | 0.628 | 0.745 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.135 | 0.700 | 0.847 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.206 | 0.856 | 0.81 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.348 | 0.897 | 0.698 |
| Pigs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.676 | 0.747 | 0.365 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.371 | 0.816 | 0.65 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.786 | 1.057 | 0.457 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.601 | 1.039 | 0.563 |
| Chickens | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.673 | 0.601 | 0.263 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.057 | 0.648 | 0.93 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.624 | 0.856 | 0.466 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | -0.448 | 0.901 | 0.619 |
| Tigers | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.171 | 0.764 | 0.823 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.078 | 0.838 | 0.926 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.051 | 1.018 | 0.96 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.416 | 1.063 | 0.696 |
We created a new variable called InfectHumansCorrect, which means whether those people answered these questions right or wrong. Then. we pull the data of different animals together to build the following model:
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | 0.380 | 0.366 | 0.299 |
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.187 | 0.389 | 0.631 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.530 | 0.461 | 0.25 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.300 | 0.570 | 0.599 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.070 | 0.558 | 0.9 |
| AnimalsDogs | 0.219 | 0.164 | 0.182 |
| AnimalsPigs | 1.392 | 0.181 | 0 |
| AnimalsChickens | 1.916 | 0.194 | 0 |
| AnimalsTigers | 1.001 | 0.174 | 0 |
| Wave4 | 0.117 | 0.123 | 0.342 |
Based on your current knowledge, rate the extent to which the following animals can catch COVID-19 from humans.
Re-categorize the outcome (HumansInfectAnimal 1-5) - cannot catch from humans: Definitely/Probably/might cannot catch COVID-19 from humans - can catch from humans: Probably/Definitely can catch COVID-19 from humans
We build two models with different independent variables.
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cats | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.596 | 0.365 | 0.102 |
| Dogs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.154 | 0.328 | 0.639 |
| Pigs | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -0.732 | 0.355 | 0.039 |
| Chickens | |||
| PetOwnerYes | -1.098 | 0.395 | 0.005 |
| Tigers | |||
| PetOwnerYes | 0.311 | 0.403 | 0.44 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cats | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.970 | 0.622 | 0.119 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.347 | 0.681 | 0.61 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.371 | 0.847 | 0.661 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.347 | 0.877 | 0.692 |
| Dogs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.520 | 0.578 | 0.369 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.200 | 0.635 | 0.753 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.234 | 0.793 | 0.768 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.862 | 0.821 | 0.294 |
| Pigs | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.575 | 0.622 | 0.356 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.399 | 0.691 | 0.564 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | -0.987 | 0.897 | 0.271 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.240 | 0.868 | 0.782 |
| Chickens | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | -0.434 | 0.656 | 0.508 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.070 | 0.721 | 0.923 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.592 | 0.882 | 0.502 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.015 | 0.968 | 0.987 |
| Tigers | |||
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 1.302 | 0.713 | 0.068 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | -0.564 | 0.808 | 0.486 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.389 | 0.964 | 0.687 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.306 | 1.009 | 0.761 |
We created a new variable called HumansInfectAnimalCorrect, which means whether those people answered these questions right or wrong. Then. we pull the data of different animals together to build the following model:
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| PetOwnerYes | 0.214 | 0.105 | 0.042 |
| InfoSourceMedia/new feeds | 0.438 | 0.193 | 0.023 |
| InfoSourceSocial media / Instagram / Facebook groups / twitter | 0.053 | 0.211 | 0.8 |
| InfoSourceGovernment and regulatory agencies | 0.157 | 0.263 | 0.55 |
| InfoSourceFriends / family | 0.171 | 0.280 | 0.541 |
| AnimalsDogs | -0.354 | 0.105 | 0.001 |
| AnimalsPigs | 2.063 | 0.122 | 0 |
| AnimalsChickens | 2.352 | 0.130 | 0 |
| AnimalsTigers | -0.402 | 0.105 | 0 |
| Wave4 | -0.077 | 0.076 | 0.312 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -2.063 | 0.709 | 0.004 |
| Wave2 | 0.400 | 0.282 | 0.156 |
| Wave3 | 0.579 | 0.302 | 0.055 |
| Wave4 | 0.250 | 0.381 | 0.512 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.281 | 0.428 | 0.512 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | -0.347 | 0.668 | 0.603 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -1.249 | 0.490 | 0.011 |
| Wave2 | -0.035 | 0.218 | 0.872 |
| Wave3 | 0.081 | 0.232 | 0.728 |
| Wave4 | -0.086 | 0.295 | 0.769 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.185 | 0.327 | 0.572 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.192 | 0.485 | 0.692 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | 0.189 | 0.506 | 0.709 |
| Wave2 | 0.017 | 0.186 | 0.928 |
| Wave3 | -0.514 | 0.206 | 0.013 |
| Wave4 | -0.227 | 0.261 | 0.384 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.417 | 0.325 | 0.2 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | -1.039 | 0.435 | 0.017 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCAS1: My pet/animal provides me with companionship | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.912 | 0.538 | 0.09 |
| Wave2 | 0.519 | 0.203 | 0.01 |
| Wave3 | 0.759 | 0.221 | 0.001 |
| Wave4 | 0.898 | 0.286 | 0.002 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.107 | 0.343 | 0.756 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.529 | 0.460 | 0.25 |
| CCAS2: Having a pet/animal gives me something to care for | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.047 | 0.483 | 0.923 |
| Wave2 | 0.080 | 0.184 | 0.664 |
| Wave3 | 0.149 | 0.200 | 0.457 |
| Wave4 | 0.200 | 0.254 | 0.431 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.016 | 0.300 | 0.959 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.132 | 0.426 | 0.757 |
| CCAS3: My pet/animal provides me with pleasurable activity | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.536 | 0.497 | 0.281 |
| Wave2 | 0.008 | 0.184 | 0.967 |
| Wave3 | 0.342 | 0.197 | 0.083 |
| Wave4 | 0.391 | 0.256 | 0.126 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.044 | 0.308 | 0.886 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.328 | 0.423 | 0.438 |
| CCAS4: My pet/animal is a source of constancy in my life | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.110 | 0.481 | 0.819 |
| Wave2 | -0.063 | 0.178 | 0.725 |
| Wave3 | 0.280 | 0.194 | 0.15 |
| Wave4 | 0.384 | 0.248 | 0.122 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.188 | 0.299 | 0.528 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.057 | 0.421 | 0.893 |
| CCAS5: My pet/animal makes me feel needed | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.544 | 0.455 | 0.232 |
| Wave2 | 0.235 | 0.168 | 0.163 |
| Wave3 | 0.623 | 0.183 | 0.001 |
| Wave4 | 0.654 | 0.234 | 0.005 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.413 | 0.282 | 0.143 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.333 | 0.393 | 0.397 |
| CCAS6: My pet/animal makes me feel safe | |||
| MostAttachCat | -1.820 | 0.452 | 0 |
| Wave2 | 0.135 | 0.157 | 0.388 |
| Wave3 | 0.560 | 0.170 | 0.001 |
| Wave4 | 0.577 | 0.221 | 0.009 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.009 | 0.267 | 0.972 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | -0.158 | 0.356 | 0.657 |
| CCAS7: My pet/animal makes me play and laugh | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.044 | 0.470 | 0.925 |
| Wave2 | -0.019 | 0.179 | 0.917 |
| Wave3 | 0.166 | 0.192 | 0.386 |
| Wave4 | 0.322 | 0.247 | 0.193 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.365 | 0.295 | 0.216 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | -0.307 | 0.412 | 0.457 |
| CCAS8: Having a pet/animal gives me something to love | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.074 | 0.523 | 0.887 |
| Wave2 | 0.138 | 0.191 | 0.47 |
| Wave3 | 0.388 | 0.206 | 0.06 |
| Wave4 | 0.429 | 0.262 | 0.101 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.156 | 0.317 | 0.623 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.348 | 0.440 | 0.429 |
| CCAS9: I get more exercise because of my pet/animal | |||
| MostAttachCat | -4.454 | 0.443 | 0 |
| Wave2 | -0.110 | 0.153 | 0.471 |
| Wave3 | 0.301 | 0.165 | 0.067 |
| Wave4 | 0.086 | 0.212 | 0.686 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.199 | 0.255 | 0.436 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.304 | 0.350 | 0.385 |
| CCAS10: I get comfort from touching my pet/animal | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.221 | 0.531 | 0.677 |
| Wave2 | 0.121 | 0.191 | 0.526 |
| Wave3 | 0.276 | 0.205 | 0.179 |
| Wave4 | 0.514 | 0.266 | 0.054 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.210 | 0.319 | 0.51 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.309 | 0.450 | 0.491 |
| CCAS11: I enjoy watching my pet/animal | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.573 | 0.585 | 0.328 |
| Wave2 | 0.606 | 0.210 | 0.004 |
| Wave3 | 0.621 | 0.224 | 0.006 |
| Wave4 | 1.248 | 0.298 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | 1.132 | 0.348 | 0.001 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.109 | 0.490 | 0.824 |
| CCAS12: My pet/animal makes me feel loved | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.376 | 0.517 | 0.467 |
| Wave2 | 0.177 | 0.184 | 0.334 |
| Wave3 | 0.388 | 0.198 | 0.05 |
| Wave4 | 0.472 | 0.255 | 0.065 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.131 | 0.309 | 0.672 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | -0.336 | 0.432 | 0.436 |
| CCAS13: My pet/animal makes me feel trusted | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.311 | 0.422 | 0.461 |
| Wave2 | 0.184 | 0.168 | 0.273 |
| Wave3 | 0.343 | 0.181 | 0.057 |
| Wave4 | 0.364 | 0.230 | 0.114 |
| if_shelteryes | -0.034 | 0.273 | 0.901 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.286 | 0.380 | 0.452 |
Now let’s look at the sum of CCAS 1-13
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -3.365 | 1.083 | 0.002 |
| Wave2 | 0.449 | 0.304 | 0.141 |
| Wave3 | 1.372 | 0.328 | 0 |
| Wave4 | 1.529 | 0.430 | 0 |
| if_shelteryes | 0.030 | 0.529 | 0.954 |
| MostAttachCat:if_shelteryes | 0.403 | 0.725 | 0.579 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| NonVetService ~ MostAttach | |||
| MostAttachCat | -1.634 | 0.339 | 0 |
| NonVetLessFreq ~ MostAttach | |||
| MostAttachCat | 0.746 | 0.714 | 0.296 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| VetVisit ~ MostAttach | |||
| MostAttachCat | -1.239 | 0.250 | 0 |
| VetVisitFreq ~ MostAttach | |||
| MostAttachCat | -0.198 | 0.287 | 0.49 |
| Estimate | Std. Error | Pr(>|z|) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | 0.163 | 0.444 | 0.713 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -0.273 | 0.247 | 0.269 |
| Wave4 | 1.008 | 0.182 | 0 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -4.053 | 1.705 | 0.017 |
| Wave4 | 0.250 | 0.503 | 0.619 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | 0.106 | 0.252 | 0.675 |
| Wave4 | 0.835 | 0.192 | 0 |
| Model | Estimate | Std. Error | pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| MostAttachCat | -0.904 | 0.430 | 0.036 |
| Wave4 | 0.396 | 0.321 | 0.218 |